neutron radiation hazards
This is something I should have written before, but better late than never.
Neutrons are ionizing particles, but usually associated with a gamma ray, which can ionize indirectly.
gamma rays have great penetrating ability. Taspasan entire human body, large amount of materials and air travel hundreds of meters without problems (remember that depending on the source, which varies its speed.) Stands with a block of lead, concrete or uranium.
In Canvi, neutrons, although not ionizing, are still very dangerous.
They have greater penetrating power than gamma rays, and a bloc of more than 2 cm thick massive lead they may fall short.
The route followed is very brittle (unlike gamma rays, with a rectilinear path) as are repeatedly hitting other atoms and are changing the route.
Once you have lost all their speed, activate the atom against which penetre.Esto makes a small source of neutrons not kill anyone, but a very intense source of neutrons kills very quickly.
can be used to protect materials that absorb neutrons, such as boron or cadmium or uranium, which makes them bounce. If a source
locked in a box of solid uranium, the neutrons will not come out, but the bad things that will trigger the air inside ... or turned back on nuetrones source or making it more intense or simply ineffective.
So you know, do not play much neutron sources ... Or separate Americium Beryllium if not !!!;-)
usais
Salu2!
Acquire radioisotopes (II). National institutes in USA.
As I said, Spectrum Techniques is the best and sell it to everyone.
addition, all the U.S. stores that sell radioisotopes are distributors techinique Spectrum.
Of course, these radioisotopes are produced in nuclear reactors by neutron activation, so you might not find the radioisotope that we seek.
radioisotope can be created not only by bombing neutron, but also by proton bombardment using large particle acceledaros.
This produces new radioisotopes, but have the problem of being expensive and in short supply.
An example is the production and distribution of isotopes of Los Alamos National Laboratory, in those with a particle accelerator of 100 MeV.
These radioisotopes tend to be somewhat pricey, and especially for medical use and research, but if you pass the maximum amount permitted USA you will have no problems.
Here are the isotope selling. Think they sell in compounds (usually) and measured in uCi or mCi.
I hope that here you meet a radioisotope that interests you.
Then we also have the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which sells a large amount of both stable and unstable isotopes bombarded with neutrons.
Here is the página.Y certainly not be led by California, Berkelium, Plutonium, etc. For these very heavy license is required, whether the amount is. Remember that all alpha emitters USA are restricted, except for Po-210 (up 0.1 uCi).
Before I even sold-3 (stable), which the government has ceased production lest someone make an H-bomb
And finally, we have the Brookhaven National Laboratory, which produces a few very rare isotopes for medical, industrial and research.
Here is the page. The problem is that aside from the price (a little more expensive than the other two depending on things), there are only a few in stock. For others it may take more than two months to receive it.
Of course, if you ask too little (we're going to do if we have no license) you have to wait for someone else to ask too much of it, and that's when they come cheap synthesizers.
Well, here are the top 3 U.S. National Laboratories with isotope production program. Tip: If you can buy in Spectrum Techniques do it, if not the best thing is that they are in stock, because you are not going to bother to connect the accelerator
XD Salu2!
acquire radioisotopes
The sale of radioisotopes is a business worth a lot of money each year. Only in medicine, the government has to spend millions of euros to supply radioisotopes to hospitals, either radiotherapy, scans, X-ray portable devices, etc.
But not everyone is for medicine ... Many are for industries and for calibration of meters, for use in thickness gauges, etc.
Can we buy some of these? Yes, we can acquire radioactive sources for calibration without a license, but we must be clear about one thing: activity exemption. Is this it? We can purchase radioisotopes, but without a license, we can not buy that we want.
Each radioisotope having a unit of exemption (exempt quantity in English). To overcome it we must have a license.
Example: the unit exemption in Spain (this varies between countries) of Tl-204 is 10 kBq. To most need to get license.
And what are the units of waiver of each isotope in Spain?
few weeks ago I sent an e-mail asking this to the Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC), which, kindly passed me. But do me if, no matter. Initially each vendor will inform you as you please buy the radioisotope.
now turn to suppliers:
English: is Nucliber Basically, a company that sells radio-isotopes for calibration. To meet you you have to be educated and to the point, asking these isotopes and precio.Os kindly attend. And what you realize that prices exceed € 1000 for a calibration disc with very little activity (well, as permitted by law), mandaréis them to take the ass.
far, I have not seen more English suppliers. European
: Nucliber sell Isotrak radioactive sources, which has a wide range, is very expensive and sold throughout Europe. Then there is
Canberra, which sells to Europe. The good thing is that it sells to 10 uCi of many products, and 25 uCi of Co-57.
But the supplier sells through an each country, and that of Spain is wrong because you are actually in Puerto Rico. Shit. And in Europe
little more, because who does not depend on Isotrak depends Canberra.
Although we Russian this website, it is best to sell californium, curium and even Berkelio.Son recent legal and licensing requirements. Then we have
RC Tritec is selling especially Switzerland and Beta emitters and light sentences made of Tritium and C-14.
independent seems very good, I've never bought there, or how they price, but surely that will be somewhat pricey for the armor that they put.
And then stop counting. American
: These are the best. There are many websites that sell, but after all, these radioisotopes are of the same company: Spectrum Techniques
.
sell a radioisotope usually in the form of discs and sealed (except for Po-210, the only alpha elmisor can sell.)
are a thing: The
sold without problems in Spain, since in spite of unit exemption exceed the English in many, nobody will say anything.
addition, as the CSN from me, I buy what I want.
can request the type of storage (disk, tube, etc) and you can choose the amount (Without exceeding the maximum). Here you have exemption units of each isotope in the USA.
Indeed, some radioisotopes allow them to 100 or even 1000 uCi Why? Just because they have a very short half life. If selling in less activity, no decay at all.
The trouble is that, for example in USA you can only with 0.1 uCi of Sr-90 and in Europe you can with 2 uCi. But hey, if you want any special id is asking the dealers that I have given, and look at the ratio activity / precio.Ahí is where almost always wins Spectrum Techniques.
For example, 0.1 uCi of Po-210: $ 69. The trouble is that in Europe I think that allows up to 2 uCI of Po-210.
10 uCi of Tl-204: only $ 88. In contrast, in Spain does not allow or 1 uCi.
is a matter of asking.
If someday I find an interesting, I'll let you know.
Salu2!
Reducing the critical mass of Pu-239
This text is purely educational.
Neither the author nor the site owners are responsible for their use.
are reminded readers that the material published here may not be true.
The critical mass of Pu-239 sphere-shaped reflector of neutrons (U-238) is 10 Kg.Esto would be like a golf ball, because the density of plutonium.
But is it possible to lower the critical mass of plutonium? Can you get a chain reaction with less Pu-239?
At least I think so, but even I'm sure.
first thing is to add a moderator to Pu-239. In this case Berilio.Si create a plutonium-beryllium alloy, beryllium reduce the speed of thermal neutrons, making possible the fission reaction cadena.Ademas, the Pu-239 decays to U-235 (fissile) via a particle alpha. This, on impact will create a new beryllium neutron and carbon, which also serves as moderator.
Well, we already have an alloy through which we have reduced the critical mass.
But if we add 0.01 mg of Cf-252 or Cm-248, and 1 mg of Po-210, more easily reach critical mass, but our fuel will have an average life I would put a maximum of 3 years.
But if instead of using pure Pu-239, we use U-238 is rich in Pu-239 (DU massively bombarded with neutrons, 60% of Enrichment with Pu-239), U-238 is converted to Pu-go 239.
When this chain reaction U-238 could clogging.
But before introducing this bombustible hope a nuclear bomb about 1.5 years, much of the U-238 will have become Pu-239.
Once we have done all this mass, it is best to immerse it in liquid hydrogen to form metal hydrides also make moderator.
Now we just have to this area EFG metal hydrides, more compact form possible depleted uranium to make neutron reflector. We already have our fuel, which I doubt serve for something (including an atomic bomb.)
SUMMARY:
-4 kg of Pu-239 or 6 kilos of pure U-238 Pu-239 enriched to 60%. Be
-500 grams.
-0.01 mg of Cf-252 or Cm-248
-Po-210 1mg
liquid-hydrogen-depleted uranium (just a little)
Melt 1-sphere-shaped or Pu-239 Uranium enriched with the beryllium, the Cf / Cm and Po-210 in an inert atmosphere at 1300 ° C. The dough should be as homogenous as possible so that all items can interact properly. Beryllium may be worth it in powder form.
2-Once chilled, let stand for two minutes submerged in liquid hydrogen, allowing it to penetrate well into the metal.
3-Surrounding the metal sphere by a layer minimum 1 mm thick pure U-238 (DU). Recommended 3 mm thick.
Remember that in many nuclear devices that uranium is already in the warhead, making it unnecessary to add the fuel itself.
4-Allow the fuel for at least 6 months, if what you have used is uranium enrichment.
Incase of using pure plutonium, the maximum life of the fuel is 5 years. Enriched Uranium is 8 years.
Now that you know, do not do, although it goes without saying that this does NOT work and you have no access to plutonium, like me.
Salu2!
